Bug\u00fcn 10 Kas\u0131m. Ulu \u00d6nder Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc. Onu anmadan, anlamadan ge\u00e7mek olmaz\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet’in kuruldu\u011fu ilk y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizde pek \u00e7ok alanda reformlar ve ink\u0131laplar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 daha iyi anlayabilmek i\u00e7in biraz ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6nelim ve d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131na istatistiksel veriler \u00fczerinden bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’nin sa\u011fl\u0131k tablosu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
554 hekim<\/p>\n\n\n\n
86 yatakl\u0131 tedavi kurumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6.437 hasta yata\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ilk genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’nin n\u00fcfusu 13.648.270 olarak kaydedildi. N\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki tablo da farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. 1923-1924 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkede 4.894 ilkokul ve 10.238 \u00f6\u011fretmen bulunuyordu. K\u00f6ylerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde okul yoktu; \u00f6\u011fretmen, e\u011fitim materyali ve fiziksel imk\u00e2nlar yetersizdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki bu rakamlar bize ne anlat\u0131yor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzun sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yeniden yap\u0131lanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim hizmetlerini \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7abalayan bir \u00fclke\u2026 \u00d6n\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken pek \u00e7ok temel sorun bulunuyordu. \u00dcstelik n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131rsalda ya\u015famas\u0131, hizmetlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6zel e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u0130zmir’deki Sa\u011f\u0131r, Dilsiz ve K\u00f6rler Mektebi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet’in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda devlet himayesinde hizmet veren okul, 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda 23-25 civar\u0131 yat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciyle e\u011fitim faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6rme engelli \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in de bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. E\u011fitim faaliyetleri yaln\u0131zca okuma yazmayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131; marangozluk, kundurac\u0131l\u0131k, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, terzilik, demircilik ve tesviyecilik gibi meslek alanlar\u0131nda at\u00f6lyeler olu\u015fturuldu. M\u00fczik e\u011fitimi de verildi. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131 115’e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda engelli bireylerin kendi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri de dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi. 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Sa\u011f\u0131r Dilsiz ve K\u00f6rler Tesan\u00fct Cemiyeti kuruldu. 1930-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen sa\u011f\u0131r ve dilsiz kongrelerinde okul ihtiyac\u0131, e\u011fitim sorunlar\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 geli\u015fmeler ele al\u0131nd\u0131. D\u00f6nemin gazetelerinde de bu kongrelere yer verildi. B\u00f6ylece engelli bireylerin e\u011fitim talepleri ve toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 kamuoyunun g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet’in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6zel e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n bir sistem hen\u00fcz bulunmuyordu. Ancak e\u011fitim sisteminin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bu alan\u0131n gelecekte geli\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir zemin olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131, Millet Mekteplerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, Cumhuriyet’in e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ezberden \u00e7ok bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye, g\u00f6zleme, uygulamaya ve hayat\u0131n i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulan bilgiye \u00f6nem veriliyordu. E\u011fitimin yaln\u0131zca bilgi aktarmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamas\u0131, bireyi ya\u015fama haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 ve toplumsal hayata kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesi hedefleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zel e\u011fitim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00c7ocu\u011fun yaln\u0131zca akademik bilgi edinmesi de\u011fil, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam becerileri kazanmas\u0131, yeteneklerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve toplumsal ya\u015fama kat\u0131labilmesi de e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elbette bu ilkelerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n o y\u0131llardaki \u00f6zel e\u011fitim uygulamalar\u0131nda hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Ancak e\u011fitim sisteminin bilimsel, uygulamal\u0131 ve ya\u015famla ili\u015fkili bir anlay\u0131\u015fla yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin geli\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve kurumsal temel olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeleri d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131yla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda zorlu f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131kan bir fidanm\u0131\u015fcas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye geli\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00fclke g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6nce k\u00f6k salmas\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi, ard\u0131ndan dallan\u0131p budaklanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. At\u0131lan her ad\u0131m, o fidan\u0131n gelece\u011fe tutunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yeni bir k\u00f6k gibiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Belki bug\u00fcn bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnen baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar, at\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck anlamlar ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Elbette hen\u00fcz ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok hedef, kar\u015f\u0131lanamam\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131. Ancak bir \u00fclkenin yeniden aya\u011fa kalkmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken farkl\u0131 geli\u015fim \u00f6zelliklerine sahip \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fcndemine almas\u0131, \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeye de\u011fer bir tarihsel ad\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcn bizlere d\u00fc\u015fen ise o k\u00f6klerin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen Cumhuriyet’in sundu\u011fu imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek, her \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na eri\u015febildi\u011fi bir gelecek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet’in kurucusu Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fc, a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yollarda, b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mirasa ve gelecek nesillere duydu\u011fu g\u00fcvene kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sayg\u0131, minnet ve \u00f6zlemle an\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler Atam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ruhun \u015fad olsun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 . https:\/\/www.saglik.gov.tr\/TR-11492\/tarihce.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2 . https:\/\/ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr\/detay\/170\/1927-N%C3%BCfus-Say%C4%B1m%C4%B1?utm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 3 . https:\/\/sgb.meb.gov.tr\/sayilarlaegitim\/files\/basic-html\/page18.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 4 . https:\/\/izkakulturyayinlari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Izmir-Egitim-Tarihi.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 5 . https:\/\/nek.istanbul.edu.tr\/ekos\/TEZ\/50973.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 6 . https:\/\/openaccess.marmara.edu.tr\/entities\/publication\/cbde7d03-cb6c-4bc6-92a5-5fb20f753b4a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 7 . https:\/\/ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr\/detay\/400\/Tevhid-i-Tedrisat-Kanunu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 8 . https:\/\/ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr\/detay\/320\/Millet-Mektepleri<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n